Authentication - WhatsApp Rust

Overview

WhatsApp-Rust supports two authentication methods for linking companion devices:

QR Code Pairing - Scan a QR code with your phone
Pair Code (Phone Number Linking) - Enter an 8-character code on your phone

Both methods use the Noise Protocol for secure key exchange and can run concurrently - whichever completes first wins.

Authentication Flow

QR Code Pairing

How It Works

Location: src/pair.rs, wacore/src/pair.rs

Server sends pairing refs: After connection, server sends pair-device with multiple refs
Generate QR codes: Each ref becomes a QR code containing device keys
QR rotation: First code valid for 60s, subsequent codes for 20s each
Phone scans: User scans QR with WhatsApp > Linked Devices
Crypto handshake: Noise-based key exchange establishes trust
Completion: Server sends pair-success, device signs identity

QR Code Contents

// src/pair.rs
pub fn make_qr_data(store: &Device, ref_str: String) -> String {
    let device_state = DeviceState {
        identity_key: store.identity_key.clone(),
        noise_key: store.noise_key.clone(),
        adv_secret_key: store.adv_secret_key,
    };
    PairUtils::make_qr_data(&device_state, ref_str)
}

QR Format: ref,noise_pub,identity_pub,adv_secret

ref: Pairing reference from server
noise_pub: Static Noise public key (32 bytes, base64)
identity_pub: Signal identity public key (32 bytes, base64)
adv_secret: Advertisement secret key (32 bytes, base64)

Implementation

use whatsapp_rust::bot::Bot;
use whatsapp_rust::store::SqliteStore;
use wacore::types::events::Event;

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let backend = Arc::new(SqliteStore::new("whatsapp.db").await?);

    let mut bot = Bot::builder()
        .with_backend(backend)
        .on_event(|event, _client| async move {
            match event {
                Event::PairingQrCode { code, timeout } => {
                    println!("Scan this QR code (valid for {}s):", timeout.as_secs());
                    println!("{}", code);
                }
                Event::PairSuccess(info) => {
                    println!("✅ Paired as {}", info.id);
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        })
        .build()
        .await?;

    bot.run().await?.await?;
    Ok(())
}

QR Code Events

Event: Event::PairingQrCode

// wacore/src/types/events.rs
Event::PairingQrCode {
    code: String,           // ASCII art QR or data string
    timeout: Duration,      // Validity duration (60s first, 20s subsequent)
}

Generated in: src/pair.rs:63-97

for code in codes_clone {
    let timeout = if is_first {
        is_first = false;
        Duration::from_secs(60)
    } else {
        Duration::from_secs(20)
    };

    client.core.event_bus.dispatch(&Event::PairingQrCode { code, timeout });

    tokio::select! {
        _ = tokio::time::sleep(timeout) => {}
        _ = stop_rx_clone.changed() => {
            info!("Pairing complete. Stopping QR rotation.");
            return;
        }
    }
}

Pair Code (Phone Number Linking)

How It Works

Location: src/pair_code.rs, wacore/src/pair_code.rs

Generate code: 8-character Crockford Base32 code
Stage 1 - Hello: Send phone number + encrypted ephemeral key
Server response: Returns pairing reference
User enters code: On phone: WhatsApp > Linked Devices > Link with phone number
Stage 2 - Finish: Phone confirms, companion sends key bundle
Completion: Server sends pair-success

Pair Code Format

Alphabet: Crockford Base32 (excludes 0, I, O, U)

123456789ABCDEFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXYZ

Length: Exactly 8 characters Example: ABCD1234, MYCODE12

Implementation

Random Code

use whatsapp_rust::pair_code::PairCodeOptions;

let options = PairCodeOptions {
    phone_number: "15551234567".to_string(),
    show_push_notification: true,
    ..Default::default()
};

let code = client.pair_with_code(options).await?;
println!("Enter this code on your phone: {}", code);

Custom Code

let options = PairCodeOptions {
    phone_number: "15551234567".to_string(),
    custom_code: Some("MYCODE12".to_string()),
    ..Default::default()
};

let code = client.pair_with_code(options).await?;
assert_eq!(code, "MYCODE12");

Pair Code Options

// wacore/src/pair_code.rs
pub struct PairCodeOptions {
    /// Phone number in international format (e.g., "15551234567")
    /// Non-digit characters are automatically stripped
    pub phone_number: String,

    /// Whether to show a push notification on the phone
    pub show_push_notification: bool,

    /// Custom 8-character code (must be valid Crockford Base32)
    /// If None, a random code is generated
    pub custom_code: Option<String>,

    /// Platform identifier (default: Chrome)
    pub platform_id: PlatformId,

    /// Platform display name (default: "Chrome")
    pub platform_display: String,
}

Pair Code Events

Event: Event::PairingCode

// wacore/src/types/events.rs
Event::PairingCode {
    code: String,           // The 8-character pairing code
    timeout: Duration,      // Validity (~180 seconds)
}

Generated in: src/pair_code.rs:215-219

self.core.event_bus.dispatch(&Event::PairingCode {
    code: code.clone(),
    timeout: PairCodeUtils::code_validity(),
});

Two-Stage Flow

Stage 1: Hello

Purpose: Register phone number and encrypted ephemeral key

// src/pair_code.rs:165-174
let iq_content = PairCodeUtils::build_companion_hello_iq(
    &phone_number,
    &noise_static_pub,
    &wrapped_ephemeral,
    options.platform_id,
    &options.platform_display,
    options.show_push_notification,
    req_id.clone(),
);

Response: Pairing reference

let pairing_ref = PairCodeUtils::parse_companion_hello_response(&response)
    .ok_or(PairCodeError::MissingPairingRef)?;

Stage 2: Finish

Trigger: link_code_companion_reg notification from server Handling: src/pair_code.rs:229-376

pub(crate) async fn handle_pair_code_notification(client: &Arc<Client>, node: &Node) -> bool {
    // 1. Extract primary's wrapped ephemeral pub (80 bytes)
    // 2. Extract primary's identity pub (32 bytes)
    // 3. Decrypt primary's ephemeral key (expensive PBKDF2)
    // 4. Prepare encrypted key bundle
    // 5. Send companion_finish IQ
}

Cryptography

Noise Protocol Handshake

Pattern: Noise XX (mutual authentication)

// wacore/noise/
pub struct NoiseHandshake {
    initiator_static: KeyPair,
    ephemeral: KeyPair,
    // ... Noise state machine
}

Flow:

Initiator → Responder: ephemeral pub
Responder → Initiator: ephemeral pub, static pub, encrypted payload
Initiator → Responder: static pub, encrypted payload

Key Derivation

For QR Code:

// Direct key exchange - keys in QR code

For Pair Code:

// wacore/src/pair_code.rs
// Expensive PBKDF2 operation (wrapped in spawn_blocking)
let wrapped_ephemeral = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || {
    PairCodeUtils::encrypt_ephemeral_pub(&ephemeral_pub, &code_clone)
}).await?;

Parameters:

Algorithm: AES-256-CBC
KDF: PBKDF2-HMAC-SHA256
Iterations: 2^16 (65,536)
Salt: 16 random bytes
IV: 16 random bytes

Signal Protocol Setup

After pairing:

Server sends signed device identity
Companion verifies signature
Identity keys exchanged
Pre-keys registered

// src/pair.rs:188-209
let result = PairUtils::do_pair_crypto(&device_state, &device_identity_bytes);

match result {
    Ok((self_signed_identity_bytes, key_index)) => {
        // Store device JID, LID, account info
        client.persistence_manager
            .process_command(DeviceCommand::SetId(Some(jid.clone())))
            .await;
        client.persistence_manager
            .process_command(DeviceCommand::SetAccount(Some(signed_identity)))
            .await;
    }
    Err(e) => {
        // Send error to server
    }
}

Concurrent Pairing

Both methods can run simultaneously:

// Start QR code (automatic on connection)
bot.run().await?;

// Also start pair code in parallel
let code = client.pair_with_code(options).await?;

State Management:

// src/client.rs
pub(crate) pairing_cancellation_tx: Mutex<Option<watch::Sender<()>>>,
pub(crate) pair_code_state: Mutex<PairCodeState>,

Cancellation:

// src/pair.rs:120-127
async fn handle_pair_success(...) {
    // Cancel QR code rotation if active
    if let Some(tx) = client.pairing_cancellation_tx.lock().await.take() {
        let _ = tx.send(());
    }

    // Clear pair code state if active
    *client.pair_code_state.lock().await = PairCodeState::Completed;
}

Success Events

PairSuccess

// wacore/src/types/events.rs
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
pub struct PairSuccess {
    pub id: Jid,                // Device JID (e.g., "15551234567.0:1@s.whatsapp.net")
    pub lid: Jid,               // LID JID (e.g., "100000012345678.0:1@lid")
    pub business_name: String,  // Push name / business name
    pub platform: String,       // Platform identifier
}

Event::PairSuccess(PairSuccess { id, lid, business_name, platform })

PairError

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize)]
pub struct PairError {
    pub id: Jid,
    pub lid: Jid,
    pub business_name: String,
    pub platform: String,
    pub error: String,          // Error description
}

Event::PairError(PairError { /* ... */ })

Error Handling

QR Code Errors

// Handled internally, retries with new QR codes
// If all QR codes expire, disconnects:
info!("All QR codes for this session have expired.");
client.disconnect().await;

Pair Code Errors

use wacore::pair_code::PairCodeError;

match client.pair_with_code(options).await {
    Ok(code) => println!("Code: {}", code),
    Err(PairCodeError::PhoneNumberRequired) => {
        eprintln!("Phone number is required");
    }
    Err(PairCodeError::PhoneNumberTooShort) => {
        eprintln!("Phone number must be at least 7 digits");
    }
    Err(PairCodeError::PhoneNumberNotInternational) => {
        eprintln!("Phone number must not start with 0 (use international format)");
    }
    Err(PairCodeError::InvalidCustomCode) => {
        eprintln!("Custom code must be 8 valid Crockford Base32 characters");
    }
    Err(e) => eprintln!("Pairing failed: {}", e),
}

Session Persistence

After Successful Pairing

State saved to storage:

Device JID (Phone Number)
LID (Long-term Identifier)
Identity keys
Noise keys
Registration ID
Push name

Next connection:

// No pairing needed - automatic reconnection
let bot = Bot::builder()
    .with_backend(backend)
    .build()
    .await?;

bot.run().await?; // Uses saved session

Logout

// Clear session data
client.logout().await?;

// Event emitted:
Event::LoggedOut(LoggedOut {
    on_connect: false,
    reason: ConnectFailureReason::LoggedOut,
})

Best Practices

Phone Number Format

let options = PairCodeOptions {
    phone_number: "15551234567".to_string(),  // International format
    // Non-digits automatically stripped:
    // phone_number: "+1-555-123-4567".to_string(),
    ..Default::default()
};

Event Handling

.on_event(|event, client| async move {
    match event {
        Event::PairingQrCode { code, timeout } => {
            // Display QR to user
            println!("Valid for: {}s", timeout.as_secs());
        }
        Event::PairingCode { code, timeout } => {
            // Display code to user
            println!("Enter {} on your phone", code);
        }
        Event::PairSuccess(info) => {
            // Save success notification
            println!("Paired: {}", info.id);
        }
        Event::PairError(err) => {
            // Handle error
            eprintln!("Pairing failed: {}", err.error);
        }
        _ => {}
    }
})

Concurrent Usage

// Both methods active - whichever completes first wins
tokio::spawn(async move {
    if let Ok(code) = client.pair_with_code(options).await {
        println!("Pair code: {}", code);
    }
});

// QR codes automatically generated and rotated
bot.run().await?;

Architecture

Understand the project structure

Events

Learn about all event types

Storage

Explore session persistence

Quick Start

Build your first bot

Getting Started

Core Concepts

Guides

Advanced

​Overview

​Authentication Flow

​QR Code Pairing

​How It Works

​QR Code Contents

​Implementation

​QR Code Events

​Pair Code (Phone Number Linking)

​How It Works

​Pair Code Format

​Implementation

​Random Code

​Custom Code

​Pair Code Options

​Pair Code Events

​Two-Stage Flow

​Stage 1: Hello

​Stage 2: Finish

​Cryptography

​Noise Protocol Handshake

​Key Derivation

​Signal Protocol Setup

​Concurrent Pairing

​Success Events

​PairSuccess

​PairError

​Error Handling

​QR Code Errors

​Pair Code Errors

​Session Persistence

​After Successful Pairing

​Logout

​Best Practices

​Phone Number Format

​Event Handling

​Concurrent Usage

​Related Sections

Architecture

Events

Storage

Quick Start

Overview

Authentication Flow

QR Code Pairing

How It Works

QR Code Contents

Implementation

QR Code Events

Pair Code (Phone Number Linking)

How It Works

Pair Code Format

Implementation

Random Code

Custom Code

Pair Code Options

Pair Code Events

Two-Stage Flow

Stage 1: Hello

Stage 2: Finish

Cryptography

Noise Protocol Handshake

Key Derivation

Signal Protocol Setup

Concurrent Pairing

Success Events

PairSuccess

PairError

Error Handling

QR Code Errors

Pair Code Errors

Session Persistence

After Successful Pairing

Logout

Best Practices

Phone Number Format

Event Handling

Concurrent Usage

Related Sections